Jim Norris is the Managing Director of Vanguard International at Vanguard Plc. Mr. Norris is also the Managing Director of International Operations at The Vanguard Group Inc. and previously was an Investment Manager since 1987, Assistant to the Chairman from 1989 and 1994, Principal of Brokerage Services Group from 2006 to 2007, Principal of Institutional Retirement Plan Services from 2002 to 2006, and Principal of Corporate Strategy Group from 2000 to 2002. He joined the firm in 1987. Mr. Norris serves as a Director for Vanguard Group (Ireland) Limited and has been a Director of Vanguard Investments Australia Ltd since May 2008. He received an M.B.A. from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and a B.S. degree in Accounting from St. Joseph's University